The Philosophy Of Mind By Paul Churchland - 1327 Words

Philosophy of Mind In contemporary philosophy of mind, talk of perception has fallen out of favour. Indeed most writers to deny perception altogether, or claim that they do not matter. Instead they reduce perception to reality, or speak of the â€Å"really real.† Perception are said to be â€Å"nothing but† particles or waves or structured brain events. â€Å"Always already† â€Å"Nothing but† matter and motion. One influential philosopher of mind, Paul Churchland in his book The Engine of Reason, The Seat of the Soul replaces the perceiver with functioning biological bodies. The perceiver gets reduced to an organized body, mind becomes the brain, body motions become actions, man becomes the person. Churchland redefines phenomenal qualities as being nothing but properties of the brain. Cognitive events such as understanding, recognising, feeling, and perceiving are replaced with neural analogs. Here psychological events are treated solely as neural events. This is the prevai ling view in cognitive science. These contemporary materialists have two claims. This first claim is that all perceptions can be explained in terms of or by reference to neural events and the like. The second claim is that there are only neural events (and other physical events in the environment). At the heart of the dismissal of perception is the combination of two beliefs. The first is that science, especially neurological science, has access to reality; and second, the distrust of perceiver-dependent events. As modernShow MoreRelatedThe Mind-Body Problem Essay1204 Words   |  5 PagesWith the number of brain injury cases observed and the continuous advances in neuroscience, this has proven to be strong evidence in supporting materialism. By defining what Cartesian dualists and materialists mean by the ‘brain’, ‘mind’, ‘body’ and ‘soul’, an argument on behalf of Cartesians dualists will be reached, that responds to evidence concerning brain injuries with the claims that the brain is only ‘an instrument of the soul’. This will lead to the conclusion that there is stronger contemporaryRead MoreThe Philosophical Beliefs Of Substance Dualism And Modern Materialism953 Words   |  4 Pagesin the human mind. The dualistic aspect of this philosophy is based on the presence of a higher power, such as God, that provides the essence of the mind through the soul, yet the human body is separated from this process. Therefore, Descartes sought to divide the mind from the material body as a method of defining the limitations of the body in relation to the immortality of the soul as part of God’s creation. In this manner, Descartes sought to define the perfection of the â€Å"god mind† in the humanRead MorePhilosophy of the Mind2347 Words   |  10 Pages    The   Philosophy   of   Mind       Introduction The philosophy of body and mind has been a highly debated topic since its launch in the 17th centaury by Rene Descartes. Since then, many philosophers have written on the subject matter and many theories have emerged as a product of this lively debate. In this essay, I will analyze and critique a selection of philosophers who ponder on the body-mind topic since the 17th century, and ultimately evaluate Paul M. Chruchland’sRead MoreDualism: Concerns and Issues Essay2086 Words   |  9 Pageswithin philosophy itself. In aspect to metaphysics, it classifies the types of entities in the world into two subcategories, physical and non physical substance. While this may appear to be a very wide and ambiguous opinion, it becomes very specific in regards to our own existence. Paul Churchland puts it very explicitly in his book Matter and Consciousness, and defines dualism as the idea that, â€Å"the essential nature of conscious intelligence resides in something nonphysical† (Churchland 1). ThoughRead MoreFrank Jacksons Knowledge Argument1300 Words   |  6 PagesThe knowledge argument is an argument against physicalism that was first formulated by Frank Jackson in 1982. While Jackson no longer endorses it, it is still regarded as one of the most important arguments in the philosophy of mind. Physicalism is the metaphysical thesis that, basically, everything in this world-including cars, humans, animals, research papers, even our sensations-are ultimately physical. The knowledge argument attempts to refute this thesis by appealing to the following made-upRead MoreTheme Of The Disneyland Of Consciousness1720 Words   |  7 Pagesexistence. Researchers identify a network of three specific regions in the human brain that are believed to be a reason for physical existence of consciousness. Basically, consciousness is comprised of arousal and awareness critical components of human mind. The arousal component has been identified to be regulated by the brainstem which is the portion of the brain that actually links up with the spinal cord. Therefore, the brainstem serves the purpose of regulating the breathing, heart rate, sleepingRead MoreExploring the Different Theories Involved in the Mind and Body Problem1654 Words   |  7 PagesDifferent Theories Involved in the Mind and Body Problem I will attempt to do this by firstly defining what the mind and body is secondly discussing what the mind and body problem is. Thirdly discussing the existing approaches to the problem and finally discussing the strengths and weaknesses of the approaches. The body is that which we perceive ourselves to be with our senses. It usually includes arms, legs a head and so on. The mind is that which is responsible forRead MoreThe Mind Body Problem And Cartesian Dualism1024 Words   |  5 PagesDayna Gelman Justin Pannell April 24, 2015 PHI 107 The Mind-Body Problem and Cartesian Dualism In this paper I will argue for Cartesian dualism to be the most plausible solution to the mind-body problem. Cartesian dualism argues that there is a two-way interaction between mental and physical substances. Renee Descartes, the creator of the theory, believed that a man consisted of matter, the physical things that walk and talk etc., and mind, the nonphysical substance (often correlated with the soul)Read MoreRelationship Between The Mind And The Brain1934 Words   |  8 PagesWhen philosophically analyzing the relationship between the mind and the brain, one must take into consideration all sides of the argument. The mind-body problem exemplifies how mental states are related to physical states assuming that the mind is a non-physical entity while the human body is strictly physical. What is the relationship between the mind and the brain and how is this used to explain all human thoughts, behaviors, and actions? A physicalist, such as David Armstrong, would claim thatRead More Realism : Reality And Dualism1340 Words   |  6 PagesPer Plato’s Phaedo, Renà © Descartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy, and Leibniz’s Law, dualism has a good amount of support and arguments. Dualism, first coined by Renà © Descartes, follows different forms. The main dilemma faced by dualists is the agreement on the relationship between the mental and physical worlds. This question led to the two major forms are substance dualism and property dualism. Substance dualism proposes that the mind is separate from the body. Substance dualists believe that

Why Immigration Is A Good Thing - 1864 Words

Jew’s In Latin America Because in Europe a group of people was being persecuted which is the case of the Jew’s during the 1940’s they decided to immigrate in large waves to many different countries. During this time period 6 million Jew’s died, other’s were lucky enough to hide and escape, and many other’s were fortunate enough to immigrate into a new country. Many Jew’s immigrated to Latin American countries such as Mexico, Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay just to name a few. Immigration for the most part for every country is a good thing. The reasons why immigration is a good thing is because immigrants pay taxes, they create businesses, they provided cultural diversity and lastly and most importantly immigrants adapt and become full†¦show more content†¦During the 1940’s when Adolf Hitler rose to power and started to persecute the Jew’s many Jew’s fled their home countries. However in contrast to popular belief, the Jews first started to emigrate to Latin America during the 19th century as David William Foster explains, â€Å"The best historical facts have Jews first arriving with early settlers as conversos (also called New Christians; Jews who had agreed to convert to Christianity in order to escape expulsion from Spain and Portugal and persecution by the Inquisition)† (2012, 1). These were actually the very first Jew’s to have arrived to the new world (America) way back in the 18th century and not before, during or after World War II as it is originally thought. However as Foster further explains: The greatest immigration of Jews into Latin America, however, was during the fifty-year period between 1880 and 1930, as part of the combined effect of the flight of Jews from Europe as a consequence of poverty, discrimination (including brutal pogroms), and the rise of Nazism. During this time period was when Latin America received the largest Jewish immigration in its history. The Jew’s were tired of being seen as second-class citizens in their home countries, and they decided to immigrate in order to have a better life just like anybody else would have had. In Addition, Foster also tell us that â€Å"Today, there are approximately 500,000 Jews in

Common Risk Factors In Stock And Bond Returns Fama free essay sample

After the development of the capital asset pricing model (CAMP) in the 1 sass, many empirical tests were developed. The poor performance of the CAMP in explaining realized returns was founded and significant doubts were raised about the beta premium. In Fame and French (1992), various factors were tested (as single explanatory variables and in combinations). The size and book-to-market ratio were found to be the most significant ones for describing returns. These variables were incorporated into the Fame-French three-factor model (FM) which is a modification of the CAMP.The big difference between the two is that the CAMP was derived from market oratorio theory with a huge list of idealized assumptions, whereas FM is a model developed as a modification of the CAMP to better fit the empirical data. Fame and French (1993) argue that anomalies relating to the CAMP are captured by the FM. The model fits two additional risk factors to the CAMP in order to explain the return variations better and cure the anomalies Of the CAMP. We will write a custom essay sample on Common Risk Factors In Stock And Bond Returns Fama or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They base their model on the fact that average excess portfolio returns are sensible to three factors namely: (i): excess market portfolio return; (ii): the difference between the excess return on a portfolio of small docks and the excess return on a portfolio of big stocks (SMB, small minus big); and (iii) the difference between the excess return on a portfolio of high- book-to-market stocks and the excess return on a portfolio of low-book-to- market stocks (HIM_, high minus low). They formulate their model as: Where E (Ri): Expected rate of portfolio return.Ref: Risk-free rate of return. E (ARM-Ref): Expected rate of excess market portfolio return. E (SMB): Expected value of the SMB. E (HEM): Expected value of the HEM. These significant conclusions were found: Small-caps outperformed large- APS and high-B/M stocks outperformed low-B/M stocks. The explanatory variables in the time-series regressions include the returns on a market portfolio of stocks and mimicking portfolios for the size, book-to-market, and term-structure factors in returns.The returns to be explained are for government bond portfolios in two maturity ranges, corporate bond portfolios in five rating groups, and 25 stock portfolios formed on the basis of size and book-to-market equity. The study uses the same data as Fame and French (1992). Six portfolios are formed from the combinations of these roofs (small/high, small/medium, small/low, big/high, big/medium, big/low). Different time-series regressions were done on each of the 25 size-B/ Importations to compare the explanatory power of the regression of the CAMP against the FM.The result of empirical test is marginal rejection of the FM by the GRASS tests because the size effect did not occur for the low-book/ market portfolios. Fame and French (1996) point out that the model captures many of the variations in the cross-section of average stock returns, and it absorbs most of the anomalies that have plagued the CAMP. In the same study they argue that the empirical success of their model suggests that it is an equilibrium pricing model.However, a number of studies have reported that when the Fame-French model is applied to emerging markets the book- to-market factor retains its explanatory ability but the market value of equity factor performs poorly. This FM still ne eds to be adjusted to better capture the reality, for example, an alternative three factor model that replaces the market value of equity component with a term that acts as a proxy for accounting manipulation.

Life is so complicated free essay sample

Fallen so far down that its impossible to ever get back up again. Its times like these that it feels like the whole world is against you, and no matter how much you fight it or how much you try, you seem to be running in circles. Going through the same hurt misery and pain all over again. Its feelings like these that never let ones self be truly happy no matter how much effort they put into trying to be. Pain Is the true conquer of the heart, not love, because In the end you will always ND up getting hurt.Nothing lasts forever not even love. Love fades as time goes by, no matter how hard you try to keep It In focus It will deteriorate right In front of your eyes. So what Is the point In love It Its only going to end In heartbreak? Someone once told me your life it what you make it, but is that really true? In reality we have no control over our lives. We will write a custom essay sample on Life is so complicated or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We cant pick and choose the people we are going to meet or the people we are going to fall in love with. And if we were so in control of our lives, then how come we cant choose when to die.Why do we have to die when in doesnt suit us? Why do we have to die when have so much more to live for? You see we have no control over our lives. Its all controlled by fate, the most powerful thing that controls us. So you see dont live life waiting and expecting, because it will never turn out the way you want it to. Live life as it comes. Dont let upsets get you back, because in the long run they will only make you stronger and see things more clearly.Go into life with your eyes wide open and pay attention to everyone and everything. Take advice from those willing to help instead of shutting your self away. The most complicated thing in life is life itself so dont try and understand It, because no one does and no ever will. So instead of looking for answers look for yourself. Find out who you really are, because In the end finding yourself Is the only one thing that will truly make you happy. Life is so complicated By Rena_17Pain is the true conquer of the heart, not love, because in the end you will always no matter how hard you try to keep it in focus it will deteriorate right in front of your eyes. So what is the point in love if its only going to end in heartbreak? You want it to. Live life as it comes. Dont let upsets get you back, because in the long.

Organisation Strategies of Sportsgirl free essay sample

First and foremost we wish to welcome you into the auditorium of modern fashion. For those of you, who may not know me, my name is XXXX , the national supervisor for Sportsgirl, and to my left is my partner Mr XXXX. We have gathered here today to present to you a SWOT analysis, organizational strategies, and the vision and mission statement of Sports girl. We live in the generation of fashion and technology. Our wants fashionably override our needs in life. The Australian fashion industry has come to expect a huge splash from Sportsgirl at the Melbourne L’Oreal Fashion Festival, and 2005 set a new benchmark. Ideally, the business will come to the customer by promoting their brand through the launches of the Exclusives for Sportsgirl range, offering the latest in the hottest trends and must-have looks in to-die-for limited edition pieces released each month. Sportsgirl was founded in the year of 1948 in Melbourne. We will write a custom essay sample on Organisation Strategies of Sportsgirl or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Sportsgirl has emerged as a leader in the Australian fashion industry by successfully developing a brand image and a store identity that moved fashion retail away from the concept of established department stores to the concept of the lifestyle fashion boutique. This has been reflected in much of their marketing compaigns by advertising â€Å"real, everyday† women weraing their clothing rather than models. Sportsgirl has used interior design, visual merchandising, graphic design, and advertising to build its fashion brand into one that appealed to the emerging youth market The clothes imported in Australian Sportsgirl outlets are designed by foreigners; however, Sportsgirl has created a large and detrimental fashion line from young and creative fashion designers with fresh ideas. On top this; Sportsgirl has designed a range advertising to be heavily printed throughout the world. This advertising helps to display the merchandising creativity of Sportsgirl’s identity, which has linked its clothing lines to a set of lifestyle values and accessories. From the very beginning Sportsgirl’s mission statement is: Specializing in providing the latest fashion trends from overseas. It offers younger women a livelier option than its more conservative sibling label Sports craft. † Theoretically this also is considered to be part of their company vision. The strengths in which Sportsgril possesses are; †¢It Is a easily recognizable store †¢Wide known brand †¢Aimed at young to middle age women (those who spend the most money on fashi on) †¢Offer a wide range of products (shoes, bags, belts, clothing, accessories etc. ) †¢Good quality Excellent locations (in big shopping centers and town centers etc) †¢Big reputation †¢Advertised in women’s and girl magazines †¢They also have a charity organization running oIn 2006, Sportsgirl staff from across the country nominated negative body image and eating disorders as the issue that is most important to them and their friends. oSportsgirl is proud to announce a partnership with non profit organisation, The Butterfly Foundation, to promote and address prevention and early intervention of eating disorders and issues related to body image. Sportsgirl continues the cool new connection campaign, featuring girls from the street, rather than models, in all creative, in a mix of transit, outdoor and magazine advertising. †¢Stores are opened in New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong and Thailand. Expansion continues despite difficult retailing conditions. Labels Sportscraft, Sportsgirl and David Lawrence are split into separate stores, and new store fit-outs are implemented across Australia. †¢Sportsgirl uses special events, in-store parades and promotions to pump excitement into fashion. Sportsgirl advertising campaigns and its own in-store magazines combine attention grabbing photography with memorable slogans and lifestyle concepts †¢Sportsgirl adopts the developing methods of mass marketing. It capitalises on the power of linking fashion with exciting images. †¢Sportsgirl exploded into 2006 winning five Shop Til You Drop Awards in February, including Australia’s Best Retail Chain, Most Impressive Retailer Revamp, Best Customer Service and Best Merchandising/Window Display and Store of the Year. With a growing concern, Sportsgirl faces a lot competition. The main issue that is being discussed for the weaknesses, are whether or not Sportsgirl can keep up with the ever growing demands the customer and keeping up to date with fashion. As with strengths in a business comes a variety of weakness, which include; †¢A lot of competition. Such fashion stores as Dotti, Tempt, Valleygirl, Wish etc are proving to be very competitive as they offer similar clothes and market at the exact target audience. †¢Competition that offers similar products †¢Prices with fashion †¢Keeping up with fashion †¢Providing what customers want Limited range of clothing †¢Suitable for limited age group †¢No establishment in America (Major clothing country) †¢Limited to only a few 1st and 2nd World Countries †¢Unable to fully understand what their customers look for †¢Differentiating between wants and needs With a booming business like Sportsgirl, it has all the opportunities to expand outside the reaches of Australasi a to their friendly cohort in the United States of America and Europe. The US and Europe alike have a strong and positive reputation to be some of best fashion capitals in the world. There is a lot of money being made in both the fashion and beauty markets, majorly for women. Perhaps, Sportsgirl could branch similar brands into their neighbouring market, men’s fashion. With a surprisingly success from creation, Cotton On, another well known Australian brand name, create and produce and large majority of their products sold in their outlets. If Sportsgirl could create and can produce their own range of sporting and glamour clothes, they could become one step ahead of the competition in the market. Furthermore, this is a great pportunity to become a more unique and original clothing brand. This build a stronger reputation by promoting that Sportsgirl is not just like all the other clothing outlets in the market. On the upside, Sportsgirl have the possibility to; †¢Introduce a new products into the market for fashion (make-up) †¢To prepare for seasons ahead of schedule (expanding factories) †¢Establish relationships with other companies †¢ Recruit fresh and young ideas – holiday promotions †¢Could expand into a hair care range †¢Chance to expand into a different product market Opportunity to sponsor sporting heroes (attracting fans) †¢Fundraise for special charities (i. e. breast cancer, poverty, homelessness, disabled) †¢Opportunity to give back to the community – community service, eco-friendly products †¢Expand franchises into more 1st world locations (Europe, America) o (American’s love Australian fashion think Sass and Bide) On the downside in the clothing market, Sportsgirl is unfortunately among the many similar clothing outlets for woman in Australasia. With a lot of outlets in the market for clothing comes a lot of competition for the same target audience. Apart from the obvious threat from opposing clothing company is the oblivious menace, the misuse of company resources by customers and staff. †¢Large market for clothing (lots of competition) †¢Large competition for same age bracket †¢Too many similar stores †¢Misuse of company resources oTheft oLoss of stock = loss of money †¢Unable to compete with the higher quality clothing brands Sportsgirl is one the biggest woman’s clothing brand in Australia and has definitely has a large comparative advantage over their competitors in the market, which is demonstrated in the annual Melbourne fashion show. Sportsgirl tends to display are large number of the hottest trends and must-have looks in to-die-for clothing which takes home a variety of awards at the end of the night. The most recent awards from 2006 include; Australia’s best Retail Chain, Most Impressive Retailer Revamp, Best Customer Service and Best Merchandising/Window Display and Store of the Year. Sportsgirl therefore proves that despite its threats and weaknesses from competitors in the market it displays numerous excellent qualities. Sportsgirl is indeed a extremely popular, well known brand that is aimed at the specific market which spends the most money. However always with an extreme success of a business there is a weakness which is that Limited range of clothing Suitable for limited age group, and as there are so many ages and types of clothing out there Sportsgirl is missing out on money making opportunities. However on the upside Sportsgirl have the possibility to expand into a hair care range and to expand franchises into more 1st world locations (Europe, America) as it is evident that American’s love Australian fashion thinks Sass and Bide.

buy custom History of X-Ray essay

buy custom History of X-Ray essay Radio waves including all light belong to an electromagnetic spectrum although they are considered to be of different kinds of electromagnetic waves depending on their varying wave lengths. There are those that have longer wave lengths like micro waves whereas there are those that have shorter wave lengths like gamma rays (Herman, 2009). An X-radiation is composition of x-rays. X- Rays are a form of electromagnetic waves. These waves are characterized by a wavelength of between 0.01 - 10 nanometers. Their frequency and energies rage from 30 pet hertz to 30 exahertz and 120 eV to 120 KeV respectively. Their wave lengths are shorter compared to UV rays but are relatively longer than those of gamma rays. History of the x-rays English scientists were investigating light and dark in the early 1850's. They looked on how they appeared in sealed lead material glass tubes. They studied the rays emitted at the cathode and discovered that the rays cast shadows which were deflected by magnetic fields. The unique nature of these rays is that they were immune to the effects of static electricity force. There was a strong reason in believe that cathode rays were particles and could not pass through substances transparent to ultra violet light. However a German scientist Heinrich hertz found out that cathode rays could pass through metal foil. His fellow German scientist Philip Lenard gained interest to know more about the rays. He decided to study them more carefully. He then designed a kind of a tube that had a thin aluminum window through which the cathode rays could appear from. He took measurements on how far the rays could travel and still induce fluorescence. However Roentgen's research pursuits were not in th e same line of work compared to Heinrich and the likes of Lenard. Roentgen's father was a cloth manufacturer and a merchant from the Rhine province (Wayne, 1946). Roentgen interests to study the cathode came in the year 1895. His study of cathode rays led him to the course of reaping the experiments of Hertz and Lenard. In 1899 roentgen was offered a position in the city of Munich there stood a chance for him to develop physics there. Discovery of x-rays It is believed that the discovery of the x rays in the year 1895 was the start of a revolutionary turn over to the human understanding of the physical world. Rector Wilhelm Conrad is believed to be the father of x- rays. This means that he was the first person to discover x-rays. This came by in the corresponding year to his appointment to the leadership role in Wurzburg University in his fiftieth birthday during the winter season (Wayne, 1946). Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen was born in the year 1845 and died in the year 1923. He was a professor of physics and in October 1895 became the director of physics institute in the university Wurzburg. This was the time he was turning fifty years of age and wa much interested in the work of Lenard, hertz, Hillorf and Crookes. Rontgen had obtained a Lenard tube from Muller in June that same year and performed various experiments that Lenard had created earlier on. He previously had observed the same effects that Lenard had made while producing cathode rays freely in the air. He became so captivated by this and went on with his studies and put all his concentration in one activity of producing the x-rays (Wayne, 1946). In November 8, 1895 on a Friday in the evening, he decided to work alone in the laboratory. This is because in the first place it was the start of a weekend and his assistants had taken a weekend break. As usual , using the Crookes tube he had set up his experiment where he fitted it with both an anode and a cathode apart from one another in the tube by only a few centimeters. In his experiment, he produced a different result by registering a few thousand potential volts bearing in mind that from the cathode, a stream of charged particles would originate and the definitely attracted to the anode. Rontgen laboratory that he worked in during that evening was not different from other laboratories of his predecessors. It was the same but the only thing that was different was the conditions that were present during that evening that he carried out his experiment. The conditions were different in a three ways, first his laboratory had no light hence it was very dark. Secondly the tube he was using in his experiment that evening was covered cardboard jacket that was light proof and lastly a few feet away from his apparatus lay a screen of fluorescent materials on the table. He suddenly noticed a shimmering light on the table while passing the discharge and could not believe what he saw with his naked eyes. He once again repeated the experiment releasing the discharge as many times a possible and he was surprised to achieve the same results each time. He came to the realization that the screen gave out a green fluorescence. Due to his excitement, he repeated the experiment many times moving the screen further away but the end result was the same. Rontgen had knowledge that the florescence was not produced by the cathode rays since it was known that cathode rays could not go through the wall of the tube. Visible light on the other hand was excep tional because the tube was covered with a shield which could no allow light to pass through since it was opaque to light. This reasoning made him conclude that he must have been producing some radiation that was new to the knowledge of this world. Rontgen's discovery made him spend eight weeks in his laboratory repeating his experiments to try to know more about this radiation that he had discovered. He even slept and took his meals from the laboratory. He tried to study these rays and know whether they could pass through other substances other than the air. He placed different objects between the tube and the screen but of course with different intensities that was dependent to the type of material in use. However sometthing shocked him. When he placed a lead material he was holding in his hand on the cathode ray path, he found out that a shadow circular formed on the screen. The shadow formed along with the outline of his fingers and thump. He then made his wife Berth to place her hand for fifteen minutes on a photographic plate while he showed it with the rays. Rontgen then quickly turned on making a note to present his first report about a new kind of rays so that it could be published in the proceedings of the medical society of the university of Wurburg in the year 1895 December 28. He never knew that the rays he had discovered will be given the name x- rays (Wayne, 1946). How the world got used to x-rays The x-rays grew roots as they got absorbed in the new world filled with professional character. X-rays found their way especially into the field of health. They now started to be custom used in some hospitals although many found the idea ambiguous and were doubtful. Many of the hospitals were suspicious and found it hard to absorb the new practice of using x-rays in medical extermination of patients. Some hospitals had x-rays rooms but never wanted them to be noticed and so never brought the idea to the light. The rooms were far out of many hospitals linage of work. Many hospitals went forcing the new doctors joining the hospitals to run operations in the x-ray rooms. From time to time, the x-ray existence was tested in courts finding out whether they were real and valid. The x-ray issue became a topic of discussion in the society. The number of x-ray cases increased prompting a major boost to x-ray acceptance in the community. It immerged that the newly found x-rays could cure canc er. It was also found out that the x-rays could also cure skin disorders hence became a tool to depilatory beauty . Negative effects caused by x-rays. In the cause of the x-rays finding their way into the society generated several countable negative side effects. Many problems started emerging that included cancer, burnings, swellings, infections and many other sorts' bodily harms. This forced the concerned parties to start reinvestigating on the mechanics used to generate x-rays most importantly the whole x-ray process. Concerning Marie curies discovery of radium, scientist came up with a new realization that during producing x-rays, radiation was also produced . Conclusion X-ray has come way distance since its discovery by Rector Wilhelm Conrad in a small dark laboratory in Germany. Its future could not be predicted since at first the mechanics behind their creation were not familiar to many not until the rest of the scientist later matured the phenomenon. Their discovery was excellent to the medical industry today because they are used in specialized fields within the industry. Buy custom History of X-Ray essay

Managing Equality and Diversity- Case Study Jakob Roan Essay

Managing Equality and Diversity- Case Study Jakob Roan - Essay Example In 1999, the UK government introduced the Public Sector Duties in order to protect not only the women but also the men on work equality. The Equality Act 2006 was introduced to promote equality and diversity in relation to the importance of human rights. Because of some amendments necessary to strengthen the equality law in the United Kingdom, Equality Act 2010 was created and now in force in order to redefine the most recent employment-related claims at the Employment Tribunal office. Against who and Potential Legal Claims that Jakob Roan can bring to an Employment Tribunal Lucas and Tom Sexual harassment at work is not limited to the act of physically forcing an employee to have sex with an immediate boss or vice versa. Particularly in the case of Jakob Roan, verbal harassment like a constant regime of homophobic behaviour has been evident when Lucas and Tom were making funny faces while calling Jakob with the use of some offending names and remarks like: â€Å"a prude†, â€Å"a blooming gay boy†, suggesting that â€Å"he should be more macho†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , and spreading rumours to other employees that they should avoid working with Jakob alone in the office because they can get AIDS by being too close to him. This increases Jakob’s chances of winning a tribunal case . Regardless of whether it was intentional or unintentional, Jakob was able to witness Lucas spreading homophobic remarks about him where the company’s customers could hear.... Furthermore, forcing Jakob to join Lucas and Tom go through the pornographic magazine was already a violation of Jakob’s human right to avoid staring at some pornographic materials. Under Part 2 section 26(1)(b)(i)(ii) of the Equality Act 2010, it was clearly stated that â€Å"A person (A) harasses another (B) if the conduct has the purpose or effect of violating B’s dignity and creating intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for B†. It means that harassment within the workplace may occur when the dignity of another person is being violated and degraded as a result of unwanted work-related practices that are sexual by nature5. As an individual, Jakob has negative perception with regards to the use of pornographic materials. The fact that Lucas and Tom was forcing Jakob to join them as they browse the magazine was already a violation of Jakob’s dignity and human rights to refuse to participate. Based on the guidelines stated under Equality Act 2010, it is clear that Jakob has the option and privileges to file a tribunal case against Lucas and Tom for harassment on the grounds of sexual orientation. Specifically the case of Jakob Roan who emotionally, mentally, and psychologically suffered from the adverse consequences associated with sexual harassment on the grounds of sexual orientation is very much similar to the case of Morse v Future Reality Ltd [1996]6 wherein Ms. Morse felt sexually harassed when a group of her male co-workers started downloading â€Å"sexually explicit images from the Internet† even though the boys were not directly pointing at her. Dave Under Part 2 section 13(1) of the Equality Act 2010, direct discrimination